The Netherlands has always been a designed environment because it is a condensed, high density space threatened by rivers and the sea; very poor post war housing led to the Government instituting % for art to embellish buildings and env. design was developed as a discipline at the art schools; references to De Stijl and Gesamtkunstwerk; Asger Jorn set up Cobra to oppose the academy and De Stijl; Constant attempted to use Gesamkunstwerk on a city-wide scale and the "Situationists" declared that "society must be restructured through a collective creativity"; the Arnhem Academy was the main focus for Env. Des. education; Bauhaus had an overwhelming influence on art education; art, the product of anonymous teamwork replaced the personal independent work of art.

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